Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations
Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations
History and Characteristics of Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian Culture
Introduction
It was the site of a progression of early social advances, including the primary system of writing. Expanded prosperity and security prompted religious formalities of worship (in sanctuaries) and burial, in megalithic tombs.
Mesopotamian Sculpture (c.3000-500 BCE) incorporates a large group of ceramic art, styles, various stone sculptures, carved cylinder seals, mosaic art, and monumental architecture exemplified by Ziggurats built in Ur, Babylon, Uruk, Sialk, Nimrud in (3200-500 BCE).
Mesopotamia is also known for unbelievable Hanging Gardens of Babylon, built in the old city-province of Babylon, by King Nebuchadnezzar II. Mesopotamia was additionally home to megalithic art like that of Catalhoyuk in Asia Minor.
Origin
Amid the "Neolithic" period, the settled communities prompted a progression of new activities, incorporating a rapid increment in trade, the construction of ships to transport goods, a growth of religious beliefs and ceremonies.
New "urban communities" sprung up, including Eridu, Uruk, and Ur, took after later by Nineveh, Nippur, Assur, and Babylon.
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Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia |
Mesopotamians are noted for developing one of the primary written scripts around 3000 BCE: wedge-formed imprints pressed into clay tablets. This cuneiform—(another way to say wedge-molded)—the script was additionally adopted by surrounding people groups to develop their own language for approximately 2000 years, until Phoenician, (on which the letters of modern language depend on), became predominant script in the first millennium BCE.
Cuneiform is additionally the script in which, one of the world’s incredible works of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh, was written in. Mesopotamians utilized written work to record deals and purchases, to write letters to each other, and to tell stories.
The amazingly important creation of the wheel is also credited by the Sumerians; the earliest found wheel dates to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Sumerians built ships that allowed them to travel into the Persian Gulf and exchange with other early human civilizations, for example, the Harappans in northern India. They traded textiles, leather goods, and jewelry for Harappan semi-precious stones, copper, pearls, and ivory.
Akkadian Empire
These languages are known as Semitic dialects. The term Semitic originates from the scriptural character Shem, a child of Noah, the purported progenitor of Abraham and, as needs be, the Jewish and Arab people.
Assyrian Empire
The empire achieved its peak near the end of the period in the seventh century. Around then, the Assyrian Empire extended from Egypt and Cyprus in the west to the fringes of Persia, modern Iran—in the east.
The significant special exception to Assyrian predominance was the Babylonian Empire built up by Hammurabi and some more chaotic dark ages where there was no dominating force.
Babylon Empire
Hammurabi's code is one of the most established deciphered writings of noteworthy length on the planet. Written in around 1754 BCE by the 6th lord of Babylon, Hammurabi, the Code was written on stone stele—slabs—and clay tablets.
The Code comprises of 282 laws with scaled punishments relying upon social status adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".
The Burney Relief, First Babylonian Dynasty, around 1800 BC |
This new empire was overthrown in 539 BCE by the Persians who at that point administered over the locale until the season of Alexander the Great, 335 BCE.
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